No more (static inline) function bodies in headers

25 files changed, 596 insertions, 518 deletions

diff --git a/lib9p/srv.c b/lib9p/srv.c
index 56fc3ec..32e9a9a 100644
--- a/lib9p/srv.c
+++ b/lib9p/srv.c
@@ -61,6 +61,15 @@ void lib9p_srv_acknowledge_flush(struct lib9p_srv_ctx *ctx) {
 
 /* structs ********************************************************************/
 
+void lib9p_srv_stat_assert(struct lib9p_srv_stat stat) {
+	assert( ((bool)(stat.mode & LIB9P_DM_DIR   )) == ((bool)(stat.qid.type & LIB9P_QT_DIR   )) );
+	assert( ((bool)(stat.mode & LIB9P_DM_APPEND)) == ((bool)(stat.qid.type & LIB9P_QT_APPEND)) );
+	assert( ((bool)(stat.mode & LIB9P_DM_EXCL  )) == ((bool)(stat.qid.type & LIB9P_QT_EXCL  )) );
+	assert( ((bool)(stat.mode & LIB9P_DM_AUTH  )) == ((bool)(stat.qid.type & LIB9P_QT_AUTH  )) );
+	assert( ((bool)(stat.mode & LIB9P_DM_TMP   )) == ((bool)(stat.qid.type & LIB9P_QT_TMP   )) );
+	assert( (stat.size == 0) || !(stat.mode & LIB9P_DM_DIR) );
+}
+
 enum srv_filetype {
 	SRV_FILETYPE_FILE,
 	SRV_FILETYPE_DIR,
diff --git a/lib9p/srv_include/lib9p/srv.h b/lib9p/srv_include/lib9p/srv.h
index c40c85a..eb87d6f 100644
--- a/lib9p/srv_include/lib9p/srv.h
+++ b/lib9p/srv_include/lib9p/srv.h
@@ -96,14 +96,7 @@ struct lib9p_srv_stat {
 #endif
 };
 
-static inline void lib9p_srv_stat_assert(struct lib9p_srv_stat stat) {
-	assert( ((bool)(stat.mode & LIB9P_DM_DIR   )) == ((bool)(stat.qid.type & LIB9P_QT_DIR   )) );
-	assert( ((bool)(stat.mode & LIB9P_DM_APPEND)) == ((bool)(stat.qid.type & LIB9P_QT_APPEND)) );
-	assert( ((bool)(stat.mode & LIB9P_DM_EXCL  )) == ((bool)(stat.qid.type & LIB9P_QT_EXCL  )) );
-	assert( ((bool)(stat.mode & LIB9P_DM_AUTH  )) == ((bool)(stat.qid.type & LIB9P_QT_AUTH  )) );
-	assert( ((bool)(stat.mode & LIB9P_DM_TMP   )) == ((bool)(stat.qid.type & LIB9P_QT_TMP   )) );
-	assert( (stat.size == 0) || !(stat.mode & LIB9P_DM_DIR) );
-}
+void lib9p_srv_stat_assert(struct lib9p_srv_stat stat);
 
 /* interface definitions ******************************************************/
 
diff --git a/libdhcp/CMakeLists.txt b/libdhcp/CMakeLists.txt
index dee7cb6..69ad470 100644
--- a/libdhcp/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/libdhcp/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ add_library(libdhcp INTERFACE)
 target_include_directories(libdhcp PUBLIC INTERFACE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include)
 target_sources(libdhcp INTERFACE
 	dhcp_client.c
+	dhcp_common.c
 )
 target_link_libraries(libdhcp INTERFACE
 	libmisc
diff --git a/libdhcp/dhcp_common.c b/libdhcp/dhcp_common.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d691836
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libdhcp/dhcp_common.c
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+/* libdhcp/dhcp_common.c - Base definitions for the DHCP protocol
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2025  Luke T. Shumaker <lukeshu@lukeshu.com>
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+ */
+
+#include "dhcp_common.h"
+
+/**
+ * DHCP Options
+ * https://www.iana.org/assignments/bootp-dhcp-parameters/bootp-dhcp-parameters.xhtml#options
+ */
+bool dhcp_opt_length_is_valid(uint8_t opt, uint16_t len) {
+	switch (opt) {
+	/* RFC 2132 */
+	case DHCP_OPT_PAD:               return len == 0;
+	case DHCP_OPT_SUBNET_MASK:       return len == 4;
+	case DHCP_OPT_TIME_OFFSET:       return len == 4;
+	case DHCP_OPT_ROUTER:            return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
+	case DHCP_OPT_TIME_SERVER:       return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
+	case DHCP_OPT_NAME_SERVER:       return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
+	case DHCP_OPT_DOMAIN_SERVER:     return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
+	case DHCP_OPT_LOG_SERVER:        return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
+	case DHCP_OPT_QUOTES_SERVER:     return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
+	case DHCP_OPT_LPR_SERVER:        return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
+	case DHCP_OPT_IMPRESS_SERVER:    return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
+	case DHCP_OPT_RLP_SERVER:        return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
+	case DHCP_OPT_HOSTNAME:          return len >= 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_BOOT_FILE_SIZE:    return len == 2;
+	case DHCP_OPT_MERIT_DUMP_FILE:   return len >= 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_DOMAIN_NAME:       return len >= 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_SWAP_SERVER:       return len == 4; /* IANA says length is "N", but RFC 2132 says "length is 4"; likely releated to errata ID 487 */
+	case DHCP_OPT_ROOT_PATH:         return len >= 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_EXTENSION_FILE:    return len >= 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_FORWARD_ONOFF:     return len == 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_SRCRTE_ONOFF:      return len == 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_POLICY_FILTER:     return len >= 8 && len % 8 == 0;
+	case DHCP_OPT_MAX_DG_ASSEMBLY:   return len == 2;
+	case DHCP_OPT_DEFAULT_IP_TTL:    return len == 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_MTU_TIMEOUT:       return len == 4;
+	case DHCP_OPT_MTU_PLATEAU:       return len >= 2 && len % 2 == 0;
+	case DHCP_OPT_MTU_INTERFACE:     return len == 2;
+	case DHCP_OPT_MTU_SUBNET:        return len == 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_BROADCAST_ADDRESS: return len == 4;
+	case DHCP_OPT_MASK_DISCOVERY:    return len == 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_MASK_SUPPLIER:     return len == 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_ROUTER_DISCOVERY:  return len == 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_ROUTER_REQUEST:    return len == 4;
+	case DHCP_OPT_STATIC_ROUTE:      return len >= 8 && len % 8 == 0;
+	case DHCP_OPT_TRAILERS:          return len == 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_ARP_TIMEOUT:       return len == 4;
+	case DHCP_OPT_ETHERNET:          return len == 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_DEFAULT_TCP_TTL:   return len == 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_KEEPALIVE_TIME:    return len == 4;
+	case DHCP_OPT_KEEPALIVE_DATA:    return len == 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_NIS_DOMAIN:        return len >= 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_NIS_SERVERS:       return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
+	case DHCP_OPT_NTP_SERVERS:       return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
+	case DHCP_OPT_VENDOR_SPECIFIC:   return len >= 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_NETBIOS_NAME_SRV:  return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
+	case DHCP_OPT_NETBIOS_DIST_SRV:  return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
+	case DHCP_OPT_NETBIOS_NODE_TYPE: return len == 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_NETBIOS_SCOPE:     return len >= 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_X_WINDOW_FONT:     return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
+	case DHCP_OPT_X_WINDOW_MANAGER:  return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
+	case DHCP_OPT_ADDRESS_REQUEST:   return len == 4;
+	case DHCP_OPT_ADDRESS_TIME:      return len == 4;
+	case DHCP_OPT_OVERLOAD:          return len == 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_DHCP_MSG_TYPE:     return len == 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_DHCP_SERVER_ID:    return len == 4;
+	case DHCP_OPT_PARAMETER_LIST:    return len >= 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_DHCP_MESSAGE:      return len >= 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_DHCP_MAX_MSG_SIZE: return len == 2;
+	case DHCP_OPT_RENEWAL_TIME:      return len == 4;
+	case DHCP_OPT_REBINDING_TIME:    return len == 4;
+	case DHCP_OPT_CLASS_ID:          return len >= 1;
+	case DHCP_OPT_CLIENT_ID:         return len >= 2;
+
+	/* RFC 2132 */
+	case DHCP_OPT_END:               return len == 0;
+
+	/* Unrecognized */
+	default:
+		return true;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * DHCP Message Type 53 Values
+ * https://www.iana.org/assignments/bootp-dhcp-parameters/bootp-dhcp-parameters.xhtml#message-type-53
+ */
+const char *dhcp_msgtyp_str(uint8_t typ) {
+	switch (typ) {
+	case DHCP_MSGTYP_DISCOVER: return "DHCP_MSGTYP_DISCOVER";
+	case DHCP_MSGTYP_OFFER:    return "DHCP_MSGTYP_OFFER";
+	case DHCP_MSGTYP_REQUEST:  return "DHCP_MSGTYP_REQUEST";
+	case DHCP_MSGTYP_DECLINE:  return "DHCP_MSGTYP_DECLINE";
+	case DHCP_MSGTYP_ACK:      return "DHCP_MSGTYP_ACK";
+	case DHCP_MSGTYP_NAK:      return "DHCP_MSGTYP_NAK";
+	case DHCP_MSGTYP_RELEASE:  return "DHCP_MSGTYP_RELEASE";
+	case DHCP_MSGTYP_INFORM:   return "DHCP_MSGTYP_INFORM";
+	default:                   return const_byte_str(typ);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/libdhcp/dhcp_common.h b/libdhcp/dhcp_common.h
index 5b51ce2..a0cdd3c 100644
--- a/libdhcp/dhcp_common.h
+++ b/libdhcp/dhcp_common.h
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* libdhcp/dhcp_common.h - Base definitions for the DHCP protocol
  *
- * Copyright (C) 2024  Luke T. Shumaker <lukeshu@lukeshu.com>
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-2025  Luke T. Shumaker <lukeshu@lukeshu.com>
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
  *
  * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -67,8 +67,9 @@
 #ifndef _LIBDHCP_DHCP_COMMON_H_
 #define _LIBDHCP_DHCP_COMMON_H_
 
-#include <libmisc/endian.h>
-#include <libmisc/log.h> /* for const_byte_str() */
+#include <libhw/generic/net.h> /* for struct net_ip4_addr */
+#include <libmisc/endian.h>    /* for uint{n}be_t */
+#include <libmisc/log.h>       /* for const_byte_str() */
 
 /* Config *********************************************************************/
 
@@ -215,80 +216,7 @@ static const uint8_t dhcp_magic_cookie[] = {99, 130, 83, 99};
                                                        /* ... */
 #define DHCP_OPT_END                    ((uint8_t)255) /* RFC2132: length: 0; meaning: None */
 
-static inline bool dhcp_opt_length_is_valid(uint8_t opt, uint16_t len) {
-	switch (opt) {
-	/* RFC 2132 */
-	case DHCP_OPT_PAD:               return len == 0;
-	case DHCP_OPT_SUBNET_MASK:       return len == 4;
-	case DHCP_OPT_TIME_OFFSET:       return len == 4;
-	case DHCP_OPT_ROUTER:            return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
-	case DHCP_OPT_TIME_SERVER:       return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
-	case DHCP_OPT_NAME_SERVER:       return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
-	case DHCP_OPT_DOMAIN_SERVER:     return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
-	case DHCP_OPT_LOG_SERVER:        return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
-	case DHCP_OPT_QUOTES_SERVER:     return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
-	case DHCP_OPT_LPR_SERVER:        return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
-	case DHCP_OPT_IMPRESS_SERVER:    return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
-	case DHCP_OPT_RLP_SERVER:        return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
-	case DHCP_OPT_HOSTNAME:          return len >= 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_BOOT_FILE_SIZE:    return len == 2;
-	case DHCP_OPT_MERIT_DUMP_FILE:   return len >= 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_DOMAIN_NAME:       return len >= 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_SWAP_SERVER:       return len == 4; /* IANA says length is "N", but RFC 2132 says "length is 4"; likely releated to errata ID 487 */
-	case DHCP_OPT_ROOT_PATH:         return len >= 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_EXTENSION_FILE:    return len >= 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_FORWARD_ONOFF:     return len == 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_SRCRTE_ONOFF:      return len == 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_POLICY_FILTER:     return len >= 8 && len % 8 == 0;
-	case DHCP_OPT_MAX_DG_ASSEMBLY:   return len == 2;
-	case DHCP_OPT_DEFAULT_IP_TTL:    return len == 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_MTU_TIMEOUT:       return len == 4;
-	case DHCP_OPT_MTU_PLATEAU:       return len >= 2 && len % 2 == 0;
-	case DHCP_OPT_MTU_INTERFACE:     return len == 2;
-	case DHCP_OPT_MTU_SUBNET:        return len == 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_BROADCAST_ADDRESS: return len == 4;
-	case DHCP_OPT_MASK_DISCOVERY:    return len == 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_MASK_SUPPLIER:     return len == 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_ROUTER_DISCOVERY:  return len == 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_ROUTER_REQUEST:    return len == 4;
-	case DHCP_OPT_STATIC_ROUTE:      return len >= 8 && len % 8 == 0;
-	case DHCP_OPT_TRAILERS:          return len == 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_ARP_TIMEOUT:       return len == 4;
-	case DHCP_OPT_ETHERNET:          return len == 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_DEFAULT_TCP_TTL:   return len == 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_KEEPALIVE_TIME:    return len == 4;
-	case DHCP_OPT_KEEPALIVE_DATA:    return len == 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_NIS_DOMAIN:        return len >= 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_NIS_SERVERS:       return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
-	case DHCP_OPT_NTP_SERVERS:       return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
-	case DHCP_OPT_VENDOR_SPECIFIC:   return len >= 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_NETBIOS_NAME_SRV:  return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
-	case DHCP_OPT_NETBIOS_DIST_SRV:  return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
-	case DHCP_OPT_NETBIOS_NODE_TYPE: return len == 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_NETBIOS_SCOPE:     return len >= 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_X_WINDOW_FONT:     return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
-	case DHCP_OPT_X_WINDOW_MANAGER:  return len >= 4 && len % 4 == 0;
-	case DHCP_OPT_ADDRESS_REQUEST:   return len == 4;
-	case DHCP_OPT_ADDRESS_TIME:      return len == 4;
-	case DHCP_OPT_OVERLOAD:          return len == 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_DHCP_MSG_TYPE:     return len == 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_DHCP_SERVER_ID:    return len == 4;
-	case DHCP_OPT_PARAMETER_LIST:    return len >= 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_DHCP_MESSAGE:      return len >= 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_DHCP_MAX_MSG_SIZE: return len == 2;
-	case DHCP_OPT_RENEWAL_TIME:      return len == 4;
-	case DHCP_OPT_REBINDING_TIME:    return len == 4;
-	case DHCP_OPT_CLASS_ID:          return len >= 1;
-	case DHCP_OPT_CLIENT_ID:         return len >= 2;
-
-	/* RFC 2132 */
-	case DHCP_OPT_END:               return len == 0;
-
-	/* Unrecognized */
-	default:
-		return true;
-	}
-};
+bool dhcp_opt_length_is_valid(uint8_t opt, uint16_t len);
 
 /**
  * DHCP Message Type 53 Values
@@ -303,18 +231,6 @@ static inline bool dhcp_opt_length_is_valid(uint8_t opt, uint16_t len) {
 #define DHCP_MSGTYP_RELEASE             ((uint8_t)  7) /* RFC2132, client->server */
 #define DHCP_MSGTYP_INFORM              ((uint8_t)  8) /* RFC2132, client->server */
 
-static const char *dhcp_msgtyp_str(uint8_t typ) {
-	switch (typ) {
-	case DHCP_MSGTYP_DISCOVER: return "DHCP_MSGTYP_DISCOVER";
-	case DHCP_MSGTYP_OFFER:    return "DHCP_MSGTYP_OFFER";
-	case DHCP_MSGTYP_REQUEST:  return "DHCP_MSGTYP_REQUEST";
-	case DHCP_MSGTYP_DECLINE:  return "DHCP_MSGTYP_DECLINE";
-	case DHCP_MSGTYP_ACK:      return "DHCP_MSGTYP_ACK";
-	case DHCP_MSGTYP_NAK:      return "DHCP_MSGTYP_NAK";
-	case DHCP_MSGTYP_RELEASE:  return "DHCP_MSGTYP_RELEASE";
-	case DHCP_MSGTYP_INFORM:   return "DHCP_MSGTYP_INFORM";
-	default:                   return const_byte_str(typ);
-	}
-}
+const char *dhcp_msgtyp_str(uint8_t typ);
 
 #endif /* _LIBDHCP_DHCP_COMMON_H_ */
diff --git a/libhw_cr/CMakeLists.txt b/libhw_cr/CMakeLists.txt
index ba20b26..9dd6a27 100644
--- a/libhw_cr/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/libhw_cr/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ if (PICO_PLATFORM STREQUAL "rp2040")
 		rp2040_hwspi.c
 		rp2040_hwtimer.c
 		w5500.c
+		w5500_ll.c
 	)
 	target_link_libraries(libhw_cr INTERFACE
 		hardware_gpio
diff --git a/libhw_cr/host_util.c b/libhw_cr/host_util.c
index 7b3200c..8cacd57 100644
--- a/libhw_cr/host_util.c
+++ b/libhw_cr/host_util.c
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 #include <error.h>  /* for error(3gnu) */
 #include <signal.h> /* for SIGRTMIN, SIGRTMAX */
 
+#include <libhw/generic/alarmclock.h> /* for {X}S_PER_S */
+
 #include "host_util.h"
 
 int host_sigrt_alloc(void) {
@@ -19,3 +21,30 @@ int host_sigrt_alloc(void) {
 		error(1, 0, "SIGRTMAX exceeded");
 	return ret;
 }
+
+host_us_time_t ns_to_host_us_time(uint64_t time_ns) {
+	host_us_time_t ret;
+	ret.tv_sec = time_ns
+		/NS_PER_S;
+	ret.tv_usec = (time_ns - ((uint64_t)ret.tv_sec)*NS_PER_S)
+		/(NS_PER_S/US_PER_S);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+host_ns_time_t ns_to_host_ns_time(uint64_t time_ns) {
+	host_ns_time_t ret;
+	ret.tv_sec = time_ns
+		/NS_PER_S;
+	ret.tv_nsec = time_ns - ((uint64_t)ret.tv_sec)*NS_PER_S;
+	return ret;
+}
+
+uint64_t ns_from_host_us_time(host_us_time_t host_time) {
+	return (((uint64_t)host_time.tv_sec) * NS_PER_S) +
+		((uint64_t)host_time.tv_usec * (NS_PER_S/US_PER_S));
+}
+
+uint64_t ns_from_host_ns_time(host_ns_time_t host_time) {
+	return (((uint64_t)host_time.tv_sec) * NS_PER_S) +
+		((uint64_t)host_time.tv_nsec);
+}
diff --git a/libhw_cr/host_util.h b/libhw_cr/host_util.h
index 3f0a671..4adb94e 100644
--- a/libhw_cr/host_util.h
+++ b/libhw_cr/host_util.h
@@ -7,41 +7,18 @@
 #ifndef _LIBHW_CR_HOST_UTIL_H_
 #define _LIBHW_CR_HOST_UTIL_H_
 
+#include <stdint.h>   /* for uint{n}_t */
 #include <sys/time.h> /* for struct timeval */
 #include <time.h>     /* for struct timespec */
 
-#include <libhw/generic/alarmclock.h> /* for {X}S_PER_S */
-
 int host_sigrt_alloc(void);
 
 typedef struct timeval  host_us_time_t;
 typedef struct timespec host_ns_time_t;
 
-static inline host_us_time_t ns_to_host_us_time(uint64_t time_ns) {
-	host_us_time_t ret;
-	ret.tv_sec = time_ns
-		/NS_PER_S;
-	ret.tv_usec = (time_ns - ((uint64_t)ret.tv_sec)*NS_PER_S)
-		/(NS_PER_S/US_PER_S);
-	return ret;
-}
-
-static inline host_ns_time_t ns_to_host_ns_time(uint64_t time_ns) {
-	host_ns_time_t ret;
-	ret.tv_sec = time_ns
-		/NS_PER_S;
-	ret.tv_nsec = time_ns - ((uint64_t)ret.tv_sec)*NS_PER_S;
-	return ret;
-}
-
-static inline uint64_t ns_from_host_us_time(host_us_time_t host_time) {
-	return (((uint64_t)host_time.tv_sec) * NS_PER_S) +
-		((uint64_t)host_time.tv_usec * (NS_PER_S/US_PER_S));
-}
-
-static inline uint64_t ns_from_host_ns_time(host_ns_time_t host_time) {
-	return (((uint64_t)host_time.tv_sec) * NS_PER_S) +
-		((uint64_t)host_time.tv_nsec);
-}
+host_us_time_t ns_to_host_us_time(uint64_t time_ns);
+host_ns_time_t ns_to_host_ns_time(uint64_t time_ns);
+uint64_t ns_from_host_us_time(host_us_time_t host_time);
+uint64_t ns_from_host_ns_time(host_ns_time_t host_time);
 
 #endif /* _LIBHW_CR_HOST_UTIL_H_ */
diff --git a/libhw_cr/rp2040_dma.c b/libhw_cr/rp2040_dma.c
index e117c19..8901f06 100644
--- a/libhw_cr/rp2040_dma.c
+++ b/libhw_cr/rp2040_dma.c
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 /* libhw_cr/rp2040_dma.c - Utilities for sharing the DMA IRQs
  *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Raspberry Pi (Trading) Ltd.
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+ *
  * Copyright (C) 2025  Luke T. Shumaker <lukeshu@lukeshu.com>
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
  */
@@ -8,6 +11,21 @@
 
 #include "rp2040_dma.h"
 
+/* Borrowed from <hardware/dma.h> *********************************************/
+
+dma_channel_hw_t *dma_channel_hw_addr(uint channel) {
+	assert(channel < NUM_DMA_CHANNELS);
+	return &dma_hw->ch[channel];
+}
+
+enum dma_channel_transfer_size {
+	DMA_SIZE_8  = 0, ///< Byte transfer (8 bits)
+	DMA_SIZE_16 = 1, ///< Half word transfer (16 bits)
+	DMA_SIZE_32 = 2  ///< Word transfer (32 bits)
+};
+
+/* Our own code ***************************************************************/
+
 struct dmairq_handler_entry {
 	dmairq_handler_t         fn;
 	void                    *arg;
diff --git a/libhw_cr/rp2040_dma.h b/libhw_cr/rp2040_dma.h
index e8bceec..5c1c7bb 100644
--- a/libhw_cr/rp2040_dma.h
+++ b/libhw_cr/rp2040_dma.h
@@ -21,10 +21,7 @@
 
 /* Borrowed from <hardware/dma.h> *********************************************/
 
-static inline dma_channel_hw_t *dma_channel_hw_addr(uint channel) {
-	assert(channel < NUM_DMA_CHANNELS);
-	return &dma_hw->ch[channel];
-}
+dma_channel_hw_t *dma_channel_hw_addr(uint channel);
 
 enum dma_channel_transfer_size {
 	DMA_SIZE_8  = 0, ///< Byte transfer (8 bits)
diff --git a/libhw_cr/w5500_ll.c b/libhw_cr/w5500_ll.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9f4fc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libhw_cr/w5500_ll.c
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+/* libhw_cr/w5500_ll.c - Low-level library for the WIZnet W5500 chip
+ *
+ * Based entirely on the W5500 datasheet, v1.1.0.
+ * https://docs.wiznet.io/img/products/w5500/W5500_ds_v110e.pdf
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-2025  Luke T. Shumaker <lukeshu@lukeshu.com>
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+ */
+
+#include <libmisc/alloc.h>  /* for stack_alloc() */
+#include <libmisc/fmt.h>
+
+#include "w5500_ll.h"
+
+#if CONFIG_W5500_LL_DEBUG
+static void fmt_print_ctl_block(lo_interface fmt_dest, uint8_t b) {
+	static char *strs[] = {
+		"RES",
+		"REG",
+		"TX",
+		"RX",
+	};
+	fmt_print("CTL_BLOCK_SOCK(", (base10, (((b)>>5) & 0b111)), ", ", strs[((b)>>3)&0b11], ")");
+}
+#endif
+
+void
+#if CONFIG_W5500_LL_DEBUG
+_w5500ll_writev(const char *func,
+#else
+w5500ll_writev(
+#endif
+               lo_interface spi spidev, uint16_t addr, uint8_t block,
+               const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt,
+               size_t skip, size_t max)
+{
+	assert(!LO_IS_NULL(spidev));
+	assert((block & ~CTL_MASK_BLOCK) == 0);
+	assert(iov);
+	assert(iovcnt > 0);
+#if CONFIG_W5500_LL_DEBUG
+	log_n_debugln(W5500_LL,
+	              func, "(): w5500ll_write(spidev",
+	              ", addr=", (base16_u16_, addr),
+	              ", block=", (ctl_block, block),
+	              ", iov",
+	              ", iovcnt=", iovcnt,
+	              ")");
+#endif
+
+	uint8_t header[] = {
+		(uint8_t)((addr >> 8) & 0xFF),
+		(uint8_t)(addr & 0xFF),
+		(block & CTL_MASK_BLOCK) | CTL_W | CTL_OM_VDM,
+	};
+	int inner_cnt = 1+io_slice_cnt(iov, iovcnt, skip, max);
+	struct duplex_iovec *inner = stack_alloc(inner_cnt, struct duplex_iovec);
+	inner[0] = (struct duplex_iovec){
+		.iov_read_to    = IOVEC_DISCARD,
+		.iov_write_from = header,
+		.iov_len        = sizeof(header),
+	};
+	io_slice_wr_to_duplex(&inner[1], iov, iovcnt, skip, max);
+	LO_CALL(spidev, readwritev, inner, inner_cnt);
+}
+
+void
+#if CONFIG_W5500_LL_DEBUG
+_w5500ll_readv(const char *func,
+#else
+w5500ll_readv(
+#endif
+              lo_interface spi spidev, uint16_t addr, uint8_t block,
+              const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt,
+              size_t max)
+{
+	assert(!LO_IS_NULL(spidev));
+	assert((block & ~CTL_MASK_BLOCK) == 0);
+	assert(iov);
+	assert(iovcnt > 0);
+#if CONFIG_W5500_LL_DEBUG
+	log_n_debugln(W5500_LL,
+	              func, "(): w5500ll_read(spidev",
+	              ", addr=", (base16_u16_, addr),
+	              ", block=", (ctl_block, block),
+	              ", iov",
+	              ", iovcnt=", iovcnt,
+	              ")");
+#endif
+
+	uint8_t header[] = {
+		(uint8_t)((addr >> 8) & 0xFF),
+		(uint8_t)(addr & 0xFF),
+		(block & CTL_MASK_BLOCK) | CTL_R | CTL_OM_VDM,
+	};
+	int inner_cnt = 1+io_slice_cnt(iov, iovcnt, 0, max);
+	struct duplex_iovec *inner = stack_alloc(inner_cnt, struct duplex_iovec);
+	inner[0] = (struct duplex_iovec){
+		.iov_read_to    = IOVEC_DISCARD,
+		.iov_write_from = header,
+		.iov_len        = sizeof(header),
+	};
+	io_slice_rd_to_duplex(&inner[1], iov, iovcnt, 0, max);
+	LO_CALL(spidev, readwritev, inner, inner_cnt);
+}
diff --git a/libhw_cr/w5500_ll.h b/libhw_cr/w5500_ll.h
index aa41e7a..eeb2fb7 100644
--- a/libhw_cr/w5500_ll.h
+++ b/libhw_cr/w5500_ll.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* libhw_cr/w5500_ll.h - Low-level header library for the WIZnet W5500 chip
+/* libhw_cr/w5500_ll.h - Low-level library for the WIZnet W5500 chip
  *
  * Based entirely on the W5500 datasheet, v1.1.0.
  * https://docs.wiznet.io/img/products/w5500/W5500_ds_v110e.pdf
@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@
 #include <stdint.h> /* for uint{n}_t */
 #include <string.h> /* for memcmp() */
 
-#include <libmisc/alloc.h>  /* for stack_alloc() */
-#include <libmisc/assert.h> /* for assert(), static_assert() */
+#include <libmisc/assert.h> /* for static_assert() */
 #include <libmisc/endian.h> /* for uint16be_t */
 
 #include <libhw/generic/net.h> /* for struct net_eth_addr, struct net_ip4_addr */
@@ -53,102 +52,28 @@
 #define CTL_OM_FDM2 0b10 /* fixed-length data mode: 2 byte data length */
 #define CTL_OM_FDM4 0b11 /* fixed-length data mode: 4 byte data length */
 
-#if CONFIG_W5500_LL_DEBUG
-static void fmt_print_ctl_block(lo_interface fmt_dest, uint8_t b) {
-	static char *strs[] = {
-		"RES",
-		"REG",
-		"TX",
-		"RX",
-	};
-	fmt_print("CTL_BLOCK_SOCK(", (base10, (((b)>>5) & 0b111)), ", ", strs[((b)>>3)&0b11], ")");
-}
-#endif
-
 /* Even though SPI is a full-duplex protocol, the W5500's spiframe on top of it is only half-duplex.
  * Lame.  */
 
-static inline void
 #if CONFIG_W5500_LL_DEBUG
 #define w5500ll_writev(...) _w5500ll_writev(__func__, __VA_ARGS__)
-_w5500ll_writev(const char *func,
+void _w5500ll_writev(const char *func,
 #else
-w5500ll_writev(
+void w5500ll_writev(
 #endif
                lo_interface spi spidev, uint16_t addr, uint8_t block,
                const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt,
-               size_t skip, size_t max)
-{
-	assert(!LO_IS_NULL(spidev));
-	assert((block & ~CTL_MASK_BLOCK) == 0);
-	assert(iov);
-	assert(iovcnt > 0);
-#if CONFIG_W5500_LL_DEBUG
-	log_n_debugln(W5500_LL,
-	              func, "(): w5500ll_write(spidev",
-	              ", addr=", (base16_u16_, addr),
-	              ", block=", (ctl_block, block),
-	              ", iov",
-	              ", iovcnt=", iovcnt,
-	              ")");
-#endif
+               size_t skip, size_t max);
 
-	uint8_t header[] = {
-		(uint8_t)((addr >> 8) & 0xFF),
-		(uint8_t)(addr & 0xFF),
-		(block & CTL_MASK_BLOCK) | CTL_W | CTL_OM_VDM,
-	};
-	int inner_cnt = 1+io_slice_cnt(iov, iovcnt, skip, max);
-	struct duplex_iovec *inner = stack_alloc(inner_cnt, struct duplex_iovec);
-	inner[0] = (struct duplex_iovec){
-		.iov_read_to    = IOVEC_DISCARD,
-		.iov_write_from = header,
-		.iov_len        = sizeof(header),
-	};
-	io_slice_wr_to_duplex(&inner[1], iov, iovcnt, skip, max);
-	LO_CALL(spidev, readwritev, inner, inner_cnt);
-}
-
-static inline void
 #if CONFIG_W5500_LL_DEBUG
 #define w5500ll_readv(...) _w5500ll_read(__func__, __VA_ARGS__)
-_w5500ll_readv(const char *func,
+void _w5500ll_readv(const char *func,
 #else
-w5500ll_readv(
+void w5500ll_readv(
 #endif
               lo_interface spi spidev, uint16_t addr, uint8_t block,
               const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt,
-              size_t max)
-{
-	assert(!LO_IS_NULL(spidev));
-	assert((block & ~CTL_MASK_BLOCK) == 0);
-	assert(iov);
-	assert(iovcnt > 0);
-#if CONFIG_W5500_LL_DEBUG
-	log_n_debugln(W5500_LL,
-	              func, "(): w5500ll_read(spidev",
-	              ", addr=", (base16_u16_, addr),
-	              ", block=", (ctl_block, block),
-	              ", iov",
-	              ", iovcnt=", iovcnt,
-	              ")");
-#endif
-
-	uint8_t header[] = {
-		(uint8_t)((addr >> 8) & 0xFF),
-		(uint8_t)(addr & 0xFF),
-		(block & CTL_MASK_BLOCK) | CTL_R | CTL_OM_VDM,
-	};
-	int inner_cnt = 1+io_slice_cnt(iov, iovcnt, 0, max);
-	struct duplex_iovec *inner = stack_alloc(inner_cnt, struct duplex_iovec);
-	inner[0] = (struct duplex_iovec){
-		.iov_read_to    = IOVEC_DISCARD,
-		.iov_write_from = header,
-		.iov_len        = sizeof(header),
-	};
-	io_slice_rd_to_duplex(&inner[1], iov, iovcnt, 0, max);
-	LO_CALL(spidev, readwritev, inner, inner_cnt);
-}
+              size_t max);
 
 /* Common chip-wide registers.  ***********************************************/
 
diff --git a/libhw_generic/alarmclock.c b/libhw_generic/alarmclock.c
index e3aaea3..3579829 100644
--- a/libhw_generic/alarmclock.c
+++ b/libhw_generic/alarmclock.c
@@ -7,3 +7,19 @@
 #include <libhw/generic/alarmclock.h>
 
 lo_interface alarmclock bootclock = {};
+
+void alarmclock_sleep_for_ns(lo_interface alarmclock clock, uint64_t delta_ns) {
+	alarmclock_sleep_until_ns(clock, LO_CALL(clock, get_time_ns) + delta_ns);
+}
+
+void alarmclock_sleep_for_us(lo_interface alarmclock clock, uint64_t delta_us) {
+	alarmclock_sleep_for_ns(clock, delta_us * (NS_PER_S/US_PER_S));
+}
+
+void alarmclock_sleep_for_ms(lo_interface alarmclock clock, uint64_t delta_ms) {
+	alarmclock_sleep_for_ns(clock, delta_ms * (NS_PER_S/MS_PER_S));
+}
+
+void alarmclock_sleep_for_s(lo_interface alarmclock clock, uint64_t delta_s) {
+	alarmclock_sleep_for_ns(clock, delta_s * NS_PER_S);
+}
diff --git a/libhw_generic/include/libhw/generic/alarmclock.h b/libhw_generic/include/libhw/generic/alarmclock.h
index 7f603cb..697d4be 100644
--- a/libhw_generic/include/libhw/generic/alarmclock.h
+++ b/libhw_generic/include/libhw/generic/alarmclock.h
@@ -62,21 +62,10 @@ LO_INTERFACE(alarmclock);
 
 void alarmclock_sleep_until_ns(lo_interface alarmclock clock, uint64_t abstime_ns);
 
-static inline void alarmclock_sleep_for_ns(lo_interface alarmclock clock, uint64_t delta_ns) {
-	alarmclock_sleep_until_ns(clock, LO_CALL(clock, get_time_ns) + delta_ns);
-}
-
-static inline void alarmclock_sleep_for_us(lo_interface alarmclock clock, uint64_t delta_us) {
-	alarmclock_sleep_for_ns(clock, delta_us * (NS_PER_S/US_PER_S));
-}
-
-static inline void alarmclock_sleep_for_ms(lo_interface alarmclock clock, uint64_t delta_ms) {
-	alarmclock_sleep_for_ns(clock, delta_ms * (NS_PER_S/MS_PER_S));
-}
-
-static inline void alarmclock_sleep_for_s(lo_interface alarmclock clock, uint64_t delta_s) {
-	alarmclock_sleep_for_ns(clock, delta_s * NS_PER_S);
-}
+void alarmclock_sleep_for_ns(lo_interface alarmclock clock, uint64_t delta_ns);
+void alarmclock_sleep_for_us(lo_interface alarmclock clock, uint64_t delta_us);
+void alarmclock_sleep_for_ms(lo_interface alarmclock clock, uint64_t delta_ms);
+void alarmclock_sleep_for_s(lo_interface alarmclock clock, uint64_t delta_s);
 
 /* Globals ********************************************************************/
 
diff --git a/libmisc/CMakeLists.txt b/libmisc/CMakeLists.txt
index 48407bd..c6405ad 100644
--- a/libmisc/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/libmisc/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -7,11 +7,15 @@ add_library(libmisc INTERFACE)
 target_include_directories(libmisc PUBLIC INTERFACE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include)
 target_sources(libmisc INTERFACE
 	assert.c
+	endian.c
 	fmt.c
+	hash.c
 	intercept.c
 	linkedlist.c
 	log.c
 	map.c
+	rand.c
+	utf8.c
 )
 
 add_lib_test(libmisc test_assert)
diff --git a/libmisc/endian.c b/libmisc/endian.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2528f48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libmisc/endian.c
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+/* libmisc/endian.c - Endian-conversion helpers
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-2025  Luke T. Shumaker <lukeshu@lukeshu.com>
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+ */
+
+#include <libmisc/macro.h> /* for LM_FORCE_SEMICOLON */
+
+#include <libmisc/endian.h>
+
+#define endian_declare_wrappers(NBIT, ENDIAN)                                      \
+	uint##NBIT##ENDIAN##_t uint##NBIT##ENDIAN##_marshal(uint##NBIT##_t in) {   \
+		uint##NBIT##ENDIAN##_t out;                                        \
+		uint##NBIT##ENDIAN##_encode(out.octets, in);                       \
+		return out;                                                        \
+	}                                                                          \
+	uint##NBIT##_t uint##NBIT##ENDIAN##_unmarshal(uint##NBIT##ENDIAN##_t in) { \
+		return uint##NBIT##ENDIAN##_decode(in.octets);                     \
+	}                                                                          \
+	LM_FORCE_SEMICOLON
+
+/* Big endian *****************************************************************/
+
+size_t uint16be_encode(uint8_t *out, uint16_t in) {
+	out[0] = (uint8_t)((in >> 8) & 0xFF);
+	out[1] = (uint8_t)((in >> 0) & 0xFF);
+	return 2;
+}
+
+uint16_t uint16be_decode(uint8_t *in) {
+	return (((uint16_t)(in[0])) << 8)
+	     | (((uint16_t)(in[1])) << 0)
+	     ;
+}
+
+size_t uint32be_encode(uint8_t *out, uint32_t in) {
+	out[0] = (uint8_t)((in >> 24) & 0xFF);
+	out[1] = (uint8_t)((in >> 16) & 0xFF);
+	out[2] = (uint8_t)((in >>  8) & 0xFF);
+	out[3] = (uint8_t)((in >>  0) & 0xFF);
+	return 4;
+}
+
+uint32_t uint32be_decode(uint8_t *in) {
+	return (((uint32_t)(in[0])) << 24)
+	     | (((uint32_t)(in[1])) << 16)
+	     | (((uint32_t)(in[2])) <<  8)
+	     | (((uint32_t)(in[3])) <<  0)
+	     ;
+}
+
+size_t uint64be_encode(uint8_t *out, uint64_t in) {
+	out[0] = (uint8_t)((in >> 56) & 0xFF);
+	out[1] = (uint8_t)((in >> 48) & 0xFF);
+	out[2] = (uint8_t)((in >> 40) & 0xFF);
+	out[3] = (uint8_t)((in >> 32) & 0xFF);
+	out[4] = (uint8_t)((in >> 24) & 0xFF);
+	out[5] = (uint8_t)((in >> 16) & 0xFF);
+	out[6] = (uint8_t)((in >>  8) & 0xFF);
+	out[7] = (uint8_t)((in >>  0) & 0xFF);
+	return 8;
+}
+
+uint64_t uint64be_decode(uint8_t *in) {
+	return (((uint64_t)(in[0])) << 56)
+	     | (((uint64_t)(in[1])) << 48)
+	     | (((uint64_t)(in[2])) << 40)
+	     | (((uint64_t)(in[3])) << 32)
+	     | (((uint64_t)(in[4])) << 24)
+	     | (((uint64_t)(in[5])) << 16)
+	     | (((uint64_t)(in[6])) <<  8)
+	     | (((uint64_t)(in[7])) <<  0)
+	     ;
+}
+
+endian_declare_wrappers(16, be);
+endian_declare_wrappers(32, be);
+endian_declare_wrappers(64, be);
+
+/* Little endian **************************************************************/
+
+size_t uint16le_encode(uint8_t *out, uint16_t in) {
+	out[0] = (uint8_t)((in >> 0) & 0xFF);
+	out[1] = (uint8_t)((in >> 8) & 0xFF);
+	return 2;
+}
+
+uint16_t uint16le_decode(uint8_t *in) {
+	return (((uint16_t)(in[0])) << 0)
+	     | (((uint16_t)(in[1])) << 8)
+	     ;
+}
+
+size_t uint32le_encode(uint8_t *out, uint32_t in) {
+	out[0] = (uint8_t)((in >>  0) & 0xFF);
+	out[1] = (uint8_t)((in >>  8) & 0xFF);
+	out[2] = (uint8_t)((in >> 16) & 0xFF);
+	out[3] = (uint8_t)((in >> 24) & 0xFF);
+	return 4;
+}
+
+uint32_t uint32le_decode(uint8_t *in) {
+	return (((uint32_t)(in[0])) <<  0)
+	     | (((uint32_t)(in[1])) <<  8)
+	     | (((uint32_t)(in[2])) << 16)
+	     | (((uint32_t)(in[3])) << 24)
+	     ;
+}
+
+size_t uint64le_encode(uint8_t *out, uint64_t in) {
+	out[0] = (uint8_t)((in >>  0) & 0xFF);
+	out[1] = (uint8_t)((in >>  8) & 0xFF);
+	out[2] = (uint8_t)((in >> 16) & 0xFF);
+	out[3] = (uint8_t)((in >> 24) & 0xFF);
+	out[4] = (uint8_t)((in >> 32) & 0xFF);
+	out[5] = (uint8_t)((in >> 40) & 0xFF);
+	out[6] = (uint8_t)((in >> 48) & 0xFF);
+	out[7] = (uint8_t)((in >> 56) & 0xFF);
+	return 8;
+}
+
+uint64_t uint64le_decode(uint8_t *in) {
+	return (((uint64_t)(in[0])) <<  0)
+	     | (((uint64_t)(in[1])) <<  8)
+	     | (((uint64_t)(in[2])) << 16)
+	     | (((uint64_t)(in[3])) << 24)
+	     | (((uint64_t)(in[4])) << 32)
+	     | (((uint64_t)(in[5])) << 40)
+	     | (((uint64_t)(in[6])) << 48)
+	     | (((uint64_t)(in[7])) << 56)
+	     ;
+}
+
+endian_declare_wrappers(16, le);
+endian_declare_wrappers(32, le);
+endian_declare_wrappers(64, le);
diff --git a/libmisc/fmt.c b/libmisc/fmt.c
index 6cf1d8d..d3ca14a 100644
--- a/libmisc/fmt.c
+++ b/libmisc/fmt.c
@@ -14,6 +14,20 @@ static const char *const hexdig = "0123456789ABCDEF";
 
 /* small/trivial formatters ***************************************************/
 
+void fmt_print_mem(lo_interface fmt_dest w, const void *_str, size_t size) {
+	const uint8_t *str = _str;
+	while (size--)
+		fmt_print_byte(w, *(str++));
+}
+void fmt_print_str(lo_interface fmt_dest w, const char *str) {
+	while (*str)
+		fmt_print_byte(w, *(str++));
+}
+void fmt_print_strn(lo_interface fmt_dest w, const char *str, size_t size) {
+	while (size-- && *str)
+		fmt_print_byte(w, *(str++));
+}
+
 void fmt_print_byte(lo_interface fmt_dest w, uint8_t b) {
 	LO_CALL(w, putb, b);
 }
diff --git a/libmisc/hash.c b/libmisc/hash.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3814cec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libmisc/hash.c
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/* libmisc/hash.c - General-purpose hash utilities
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-2025  Luke T. Shumaker <lukeshu@lukeshu.com>
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+ */
+
+#include <libmisc/hash.h>
+
+/* djb2 hash */
+void hash_init(hash_t *hash) {
+	*hash = 5381;
+}
+void hash_write(hash_t *hash, void *dat, size_t len) {
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++)
+		*hash = (*hash * 33) + (hash_t)(((unsigned char *)dat)[i]);
+}
+
+/* utilities */
+hash_t hash(void *dat, size_t len) {
+	hash_t h;
+	hash_init(&h);
+	hash_write(&h, dat, len);
+	return h;
+}
diff --git a/libmisc/include/libmisc/endian.h b/libmisc/include/libmisc/endian.h
index 75240fe..966c3bc 100644
--- a/libmisc/include/libmisc/endian.h
+++ b/libmisc/include/libmisc/endian.h
@@ -10,204 +10,25 @@
 #include <stddef.h> /* for size_t */
 #include <stdint.h> /* for uint{n}_t */
 
-#include <libmisc/assert.h>
-
-/* Big endian *****************************************************************/
-
-typedef struct {
-	uint8_t octets[2];
-} uint16be_t;
-static_assert(sizeof(uint16be_t) == 2);
-
-static inline size_t uint16be_encode(uint8_t *out, uint16_t in) {
-	out[0] = (uint8_t)((in >> 8) & 0xFF);
-	out[1] = (uint8_t)((in >> 0) & 0xFF);
-	return 2;
-}
-
-static inline uint16_t uint16be_decode(uint8_t *in) {
-	return (((uint16_t)(in[0])) << 8)
-	     | (((uint16_t)(in[1])) << 0)
-	     ;
-}
-
-static inline uint16be_t uint16be_marshal(uint16_t in) {
-	uint16be_t out;
-	uint16be_encode(out.octets, in);
-	return out;
-}
-
-static inline uint16_t uint16be_unmarshal(uint16be_t in) {
-	return uint16be_decode(in.octets);
-}
-
-typedef struct {
-	uint8_t octets[4];
-} uint32be_t;
-static_assert(sizeof(uint32be_t) == 4);
-
-static inline size_t uint32be_encode(uint8_t *out, uint32_t in) {
-	out[0] = (uint8_t)((in >> 24) & 0xFF);
-	out[1] = (uint8_t)((in >> 16) & 0xFF);
-	out[2] = (uint8_t)((in >>  8) & 0xFF);
-	out[3] = (uint8_t)((in >>  0) & 0xFF);
-	return 4;
-}
-
-static inline uint32_t uint32be_decode(uint8_t *in) {
-	return (((uint32_t)(in[0])) << 24)
-	     | (((uint32_t)(in[1])) << 16)
-	     | (((uint32_t)(in[2])) <<  8)
-	     | (((uint32_t)(in[3])) <<  0)
-	     ;
-}
-
-static inline uint32be_t uint32be_marshal(uint32_t in) {
-	uint32be_t out;
-	uint32be_encode(out.octets, in);
-	return out;
-}
-
-static inline uint32_t uint32be_unmarshal(uint32be_t in) {
-	return uint32be_decode(in.octets);
-}
-
-typedef struct {
-	uint8_t octets[8];
-} uint64be_t;
-static_assert(sizeof(uint64be_t) == 8);
-
-static inline size_t uint64be_encode(uint8_t *out, uint64_t in) {
-	out[0] = (uint8_t)((in >> 56) & 0xFF);
-	out[1] = (uint8_t)((in >> 48) & 0xFF);
-	out[2] = (uint8_t)((in >> 40) & 0xFF);
-	out[3] = (uint8_t)((in >> 32) & 0xFF);
-	out[4] = (uint8_t)((in >> 24) & 0xFF);
-	out[5] = (uint8_t)((in >> 16) & 0xFF);
-	out[6] = (uint8_t)((in >>  8) & 0xFF);
-	out[7] = (uint8_t)((in >>  0) & 0xFF);
-	return 8;
-}
-
-static inline uint64_t uint64be_decode(uint8_t *in) {
-	return (((uint64_t)(in[0])) << 56)
-	     | (((uint64_t)(in[1])) << 48)
-	     | (((uint64_t)(in[2])) << 40)
-	     | (((uint64_t)(in[3])) << 32)
-	     | (((uint64_t)(in[4])) << 24)
-	     | (((uint64_t)(in[5])) << 16)
-	     | (((uint64_t)(in[6])) <<  8)
-	     | (((uint64_t)(in[7])) <<  0)
-	     ;
-}
-
-static inline uint64be_t uint64be_marshal(uint64_t in) {
-	uint64be_t out;
-	uint64be_encode(out.octets, in);
-	return out;
-}
-
-static inline uint64_t uint64be_unmarshal(uint64be_t in) {
-	return uint64be_decode(in.octets);
-}
-
-/* Little endian **************************************************************/
-
-typedef struct {
-	uint8_t octets[2];
-} uint16le_t;
-static_assert(sizeof(uint16le_t) == 2);
-
-static inline size_t uint16le_encode(uint8_t *out, uint16_t in) {
-	out[0] = (uint8_t)((in >> 0) & 0xFF);
-	out[1] = (uint8_t)((in >> 8) & 0xFF);
-	return 2;
-}
-
-static inline uint16_t uint16le_decode(uint8_t *in) {
-	return (((uint16_t)(in[0])) << 0)
-	     | (((uint16_t)(in[1])) << 8)
-	     ;
-}
-
-static inline uint16le_t uint16le_marshal(uint16_t in) {
-	uint16le_t out;
-	uint16le_encode(out.octets, in);
-	return out;
-}
-
-static inline uint16_t uint16le_unmarshal(uint16le_t in) {
-	return uint16le_decode(in.octets);
-}
-
-typedef struct {
-	uint8_t octets[4];
-} uint32le_t;
-static_assert(sizeof(uint32le_t) == 4);
-
-static inline size_t uint32le_encode(uint8_t *out, uint32_t in) {
-	out[0] = (uint8_t)((in >>  0) & 0xFF);
-	out[1] = (uint8_t)((in >>  8) & 0xFF);
-	out[2] = (uint8_t)((in >> 16) & 0xFF);
-	out[3] = (uint8_t)((in >> 24) & 0xFF);
-	return 4;
-}
-
-static inline uint32_t uint32le_decode(uint8_t *in) {
-	return (((uint32_t)(in[0])) <<  0)
-	     | (((uint32_t)(in[1])) <<  8)
-	     | (((uint32_t)(in[2])) << 16)
-	     | (((uint32_t)(in[3])) << 24)
-	     ;
-}
-
-static inline uint32le_t uint32le_marshal(uint32_t in) {
-	uint32le_t out;
-	uint32le_encode(out.octets, in);
-	return out;
-}
-
-static inline uint32_t uint32le_unmarshal(uint32le_t in) {
-	return uint32le_decode(in.octets);
-}
-
-typedef struct {
-	uint8_t octets[8];
-} uint64le_t;
-static_assert(sizeof(uint64le_t) == 8);
-
-static inline size_t uint64le_encode(uint8_t *out, uint64_t in) {
-	out[0] = (uint8_t)((in >>  0) & 0xFF);
-	out[1] = (uint8_t)((in >>  8) & 0xFF);
-	out[2] = (uint8_t)((in >> 16) & 0xFF);
-	out[3] = (uint8_t)((in >> 24) & 0xFF);
-	out[4] = (uint8_t)((in >> 32) & 0xFF);
-	out[5] = (uint8_t)((in >> 40) & 0xFF);
-	out[6] = (uint8_t)((in >> 48) & 0xFF);
-	out[7] = (uint8_t)((in >> 56) & 0xFF);
-	return 8;
-}
-
-static inline uint64_t uint64le_decode(uint8_t *in) {
-	return (((uint64_t)(in[0])) <<  0)
-	     | (((uint64_t)(in[1])) <<  8)
-	     | (((uint64_t)(in[2])) << 16)
-	     | (((uint64_t)(in[3])) << 24)
-	     | (((uint64_t)(in[4])) << 32)
-	     | (((uint64_t)(in[5])) << 40)
-	     | (((uint64_t)(in[6])) << 48)
-	     | (((uint64_t)(in[7])) << 56)
-	     ;
-}
-
-static inline uint64le_t uint64le_marshal(uint64_t in) {
-	uint64le_t out;
-	uint64le_encode(out.octets, in);
-	return out;
-}
-
-static inline uint64_t uint64le_unmarshal(uint64le_t in) {
-	return uint64le_decode(in.octets);
-}
+#define _endian_declare_conv(NBIT, ENDIAN)                                           \
+	/* byte array encode/decode */                                               \
+	size_t         uint##NBIT##ENDIAN##_encode(uint8_t *out, uint##NBIT##_t in); \
+	uint##NBIT##_t uint##NBIT##ENDIAN##_decode(uint8_t *in);                     \
+	/* struct marshal/unmarshal */                                               \
+	typedef struct {                                                             \
+		uint8_t octets[NBIT/8];                                              \
+	} uint##NBIT##ENDIAN##_t;                                                    \
+	uint##NBIT##ENDIAN##_t uint##NBIT##ENDIAN##_marshal(uint##NBIT##_t in);      \
+	uint##NBIT##_t         uint##NBIT##ENDIAN##_unmarshal(uint##NBIT##ENDIAN##_t in)
+
+_endian_declare_conv(16, be);
+_endian_declare_conv(32, be);
+_endian_declare_conv(64, be);
+
+_endian_declare_conv(16, le);
+_endian_declare_conv(32, le);
+_endian_declare_conv(64, le);
+
+#undef _endian_declare_conv
 
 #endif /* _LIBMISC_ENDIAN_H_ */
diff --git a/libmisc/include/libmisc/fmt.h b/libmisc/include/libmisc/fmt.h
index c29c085..4abe730 100644
--- a/libmisc/include/libmisc/fmt.h
+++ b/libmisc/include/libmisc/fmt.h
@@ -24,21 +24,9 @@ LO_INTERFACE(fmt_dest);
 
 /* Simple bytes.  */
 void fmt_print_byte(lo_interface fmt_dest w, uint8_t b);
-
-/* These are `static inline` so that the compiler can unroll the loops.  */
-static inline void fmt_print_mem(lo_interface fmt_dest w, const void *_str, size_t size) {
-	const uint8_t *str = _str;
-	while (size--)
-		fmt_print_byte(w, *(str++));
-}
-static inline void fmt_print_str(lo_interface fmt_dest w, const char *str) {
-	while (*str)
-		fmt_print_byte(w, *(str++));
-}
-static inline void fmt_print_strn(lo_interface fmt_dest w, const char *str, size_t size) {
-	while (size-- && *str)
-		fmt_print_byte(w, *(str++));
-}
+void fmt_print_mem(lo_interface fmt_dest w, const void *str, size_t size);
+void fmt_print_str(lo_interface fmt_dest w, const char *str);
+void fmt_print_strn(lo_interface fmt_dest w, const char *str, size_t size);
 
 /* Quoted bytes.  */
 void fmt_print_qbyte(lo_interface fmt_dest w, uint8_t b);
diff --git a/libmisc/include/libmisc/hash.h b/libmisc/include/libmisc/hash.h
index 58a895f..029bd3b 100644
--- a/libmisc/include/libmisc/hash.h
+++ b/libmisc/include/libmisc/hash.h
@@ -10,22 +10,12 @@
 #include <stddef.h> /* for size_t */
 #include <stdint.h> /* for uint{n}_t */
 
-/* djb2 hash */
-typedef uint32_t hash_t;
-static inline void hash_init(hash_t *hash) {
-	*hash = 5381;
-}
-static inline void hash_write(hash_t *hash, void *dat, size_t len) {
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++)
-		*hash = (*hash * 33) + (hash_t)(((unsigned char *)dat)[i]);
-}
+/* base */
+typedef uint32_t hash_t; /* size subject to change */
+void hash_init(hash_t *hash);
+void hash_write(hash_t *hash, void *dat, size_t len);
 
 /* utilities */
-static inline hash_t hash(void *dat, size_t len) {
-	hash_t h;
-	hash_init(&h);
-	hash_write(&h, dat, len);
-	return h;
-}
+hash_t hash(void *dat, size_t len);
 
 #endif /* _LIBMISC_HASH_H_ */
diff --git a/libmisc/include/libmisc/rand.h b/libmisc/include/libmisc/rand.h
index 7ef238b..ca16f42 100644
--- a/libmisc/include/libmisc/rand.h
+++ b/libmisc/include/libmisc/rand.h
@@ -7,40 +7,12 @@
 #ifndef _LIBMISC_RAND_H_
 #define _LIBMISC_RAND_H_
 
-#include <stdint.h> /* for uint{n}_t, UINT{n}_C() */
-#include <stdlib.h> /* for random() */
-
-#include <libmisc/assert.h>
+#include <stdint.h> /* for uint{n}_t */
 
 /**
  * Return a psuedo-random number in the half-open interval [0,cnt).
  * `cnt` must not be greater than 1<<63.
  */
-static inline uint64_t rand_uint63n(uint64_t cnt) {
-	assert(cnt != 0 && ((cnt-1) & 0x8000000000000000) == 0);
-	if (cnt <= UINT64_C(1)<<31) {
-		uint32_t fair_cnt = ((UINT32_C(1)<<31) / cnt) * cnt;
-		uint32_t rnd;
-		do {
-			rnd = random();
-		} while (rnd >= fair_cnt);
-		return rnd % cnt;
-	} else if (cnt <= UINT64_C(1)<<62) {
-		uint64_t fair_cnt = ((UINT64_C(1)<<62) / cnt) * cnt;
-		uint64_t rnd;
-		do {
-			rnd = (((uint64_t)random()) << 31) | random();
-		} while (rnd >= fair_cnt);
-		return rnd % cnt;
-	} else if (cnt <= UINT64_C(1)<<63) {
-		uint64_t fair_cnt = ((UINT64_C(1)<<63) / cnt) * cnt;
-		uint64_t rnd;
-		do {
-			rnd = (((uint64_t)random()) << 62) | (((uint64_t)random()) << 31) | random();
-		} while (rnd >= fair_cnt);
-		return rnd % cnt;
-	}
-	assert_notreached("cnt is out of bounds");
-}
+uint64_t rand_uint63n(uint64_t cnt);
 
 #endif /* _LIBMISC_RAND_H_ */
diff --git a/libmisc/include/libmisc/utf8.h b/libmisc/include/libmisc/utf8.h
index b5e1b0b..54fcc92 100644
--- a/libmisc/include/libmisc/utf8.h
+++ b/libmisc/include/libmisc/utf8.h
@@ -15,38 +15,9 @@
  * bytes.  Invalid UTF-8 is indicated with chlen=0.  For valid UTF-8,
  * chlen is always in the range [1, 4].
  */
-static inline void utf8_decode_codepoint(const uint8_t *str, size_t len, uint32_t *ret_ch, uint8_t *ret_chlen) {
-	uint32_t ch;
-	uint8_t  chlen;
-	if      ((str[0] & 0b10000000) == 0b00000000) { ch = str[0] & 0b01111111; chlen = 1; }
-	else if ((str[0] & 0b11100000) == 0b11000000) { ch = str[0] & 0b00011111; chlen = 2; }
-	else if ((str[0] & 0b11110000) == 0b11100000) { ch = str[0] & 0b00001111; chlen = 3; }
-	else if ((str[0] & 0b11111000) == 0b11110000) { ch = str[0] & 0b00000111; chlen = 4; }
-	else goto invalid;
-	if ((ch == 0 && chlen != 1) || chlen > len) goto invalid;
-	for (uint8_t i = 1; i < chlen; i++) {
-		if ((str[i] & 0b11000000) != 0b10000000) goto invalid;
-		ch = (ch << 6) | (str[i] & 0b00111111);
-	}
-	if (ch > 0x10FFFF) goto invalid;
-	*ret_ch    = ch;
-	*ret_chlen = chlen;
-	return;
- invalid:
-	*ret_chlen = 0;
-}
+void utf8_decode_codepoint(const uint8_t *str, size_t len, uint32_t *ret_ch, uint8_t *ret_chlen);
 
-static inline bool _utf8_is_valid(const uint8_t *str, size_t len, bool forbid_nul) {
-	for (size_t pos = 0; pos < len;) {
-		uint32_t ch;
-		uint8_t  chlen;
-		utf8_decode_codepoint(&str[pos], len-pos, &ch, &chlen);
-		if (chlen == 0 || (forbid_nul && ch == 0))
-			return false;
-		pos += chlen;
-	}
-	return true;
-}
+bool _utf8_is_valid(const uint8_t *str, size_t len, bool forbid_nul);
 
 #define utf8_is_valid(str, len)             _utf8_is_valid(str, len, false)
 #define utf8_is_valid_without_nul(str, len) _utf8_is_valid(str, len, true)
diff --git a/libmisc/rand.c b/libmisc/rand.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1643ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libmisc/rand.c
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/* libmisc/rand.c - Non-crytpographic random-number utilities
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-2025  Luke T. Shumaker <lukeshu@lukeshu.com>
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+ */
+
+#include <stdlib.h> /* for random() */
+
+#include <libmisc/assert.h>
+
+#include <libmisc/rand.h>
+
+uint64_t rand_uint63n(uint64_t cnt) {
+	assert(cnt != 0 && ((cnt-1) & 0x8000000000000000) == 0);
+	if (cnt <= UINT64_C(1)<<31) {
+		uint32_t fair_cnt = ((UINT32_C(1)<<31) / cnt) * cnt;
+		uint32_t rnd;
+		do {
+			rnd = random();
+		} while (rnd >= fair_cnt);
+		return rnd % cnt;
+	} else if (cnt <= UINT64_C(1)<<62) {
+		uint64_t fair_cnt = ((UINT64_C(1)<<62) / cnt) * cnt;
+		uint64_t rnd;
+		do {
+			rnd = (((uint64_t)random()) << 31) | random();
+		} while (rnd >= fair_cnt);
+		return rnd % cnt;
+	} else if (cnt <= UINT64_C(1)<<63) {
+		uint64_t fair_cnt = ((UINT64_C(1)<<63) / cnt) * cnt;
+		uint64_t rnd;
+		do {
+			rnd = (((uint64_t)random()) << 62) | (((uint64_t)random()) << 31) | random();
+		} while (rnd >= fair_cnt);
+		return rnd % cnt;
+	}
+	assert_notreached("cnt is out of bounds");
+}
diff --git a/libmisc/utf8.c b/libmisc/utf8.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f91021
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libmisc/utf8.c
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/* libmisc/utf8.c - UTF-8 routines
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2024-2025  Luke T. Shumaker <lukeshu@lukeshu.com>
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+ */
+
+#include <libmisc/utf8.h>
+
+void utf8_decode_codepoint(const uint8_t *str, size_t len, uint32_t *ret_ch, uint8_t *ret_chlen) {
+	uint32_t ch;
+	uint8_t  chlen;
+	if      ((str[0] & 0b10000000) == 0b00000000) { ch = str[0] & 0b01111111; chlen = 1; }
+	else if ((str[0] & 0b11100000) == 0b11000000) { ch = str[0] & 0b00011111; chlen = 2; }
+	else if ((str[0] & 0b11110000) == 0b11100000) { ch = str[0] & 0b00001111; chlen = 3; }
+	else if ((str[0] & 0b11111000) == 0b11110000) { ch = str[0] & 0b00000111; chlen = 4; }
+	else goto invalid;
+	if ((ch == 0 && chlen != 1) || chlen > len) goto invalid;
+	for (uint8_t i = 1; i < chlen; i++) {
+		if ((str[i] & 0b11000000) != 0b10000000) goto invalid;
+		ch = (ch << 6) | (str[i] & 0b00111111);
+	}
+	if (ch > 0x10FFFF) goto invalid;
+	*ret_ch    = ch;
+	*ret_chlen = chlen;
+	return;
+ invalid:
+	*ret_chlen = 0;
+}
+
+bool _utf8_is_valid(const uint8_t *str, size_t len, bool forbid_nul) {
+	for (size_t pos = 0; pos < len;) {
+		uint32_t ch;
+		uint8_t  chlen;
+		utf8_decode_codepoint(&str[pos], len-pos, &ch, &chlen);
+		if (chlen == 0 || (forbid_nul && ch == 0))
+			return false;
+		pos += chlen;
+	}
+	return true;
+}