Bash arrays
===========
---
date: 2013-10-13
---
Way too many people don't understand Bash arrays. Many of them argue
that if you need arrays, you shouldn't be using Bash. If we reject
the notion that one should never use Bash for scripting, then thinking
you don't need Bash arrays is what I like to call "wrong".
The simple explanation of why everybody who programs in Bash needs to
understand arrays is this: command line arguments are exposed as an
array. Does your script take any arguments on the command line?
Great, you need to work with an array!
Normal array syntax
-------------------
<table>
<caption>
<h1>Setting an array</h1>
<p><var>tokens...</var> is expanded and split into array elements
the same way command line arguments are.</p>
</caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>array=(<var>tokens...</var>)</code></td>
<td>Set the contents of the entire array.</td>
</tr><tr>
<td><code>array+=(<var>tokens...</var>)</code></td>
<td>Appends <var>tokens...</var> to the end of the array.</td>
</tr><tr>
<td><code>array[<var>n</var>]=<var>value</var></code></td>
<td>Sets an individual entry in the array, the first entry is at
<var>n</var>=0.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Now, for accessing the array. The most important things to
understanding arrays is to quote them, and understanding the
difference between `@` and `*`.
<table>
<caption>
<h1>Getting an entire array</h1>
<p>There is <em>no</em> valid reason to not wrap these in double
quotes.</p>
</caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>"${array[@]}"</code></td>
<td>Returns every element of the array as a separate token.</td>
</tr><tr>
<td><code>"${array[*]}"</code></td>
<td>Returns every element of the array in a single
whitespace-separated string.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
It's really that simple—that covers most usages of arrays, and most of
the mistakes made with them.
To help you understand the difference between `@` and `*`, here is a
sample.
<pre><code>#!/bin/bash
array=(foo bar baz)
for item in "${array[@]}"; do
echo " - <${item}>"
done<hr> - <foo>
- <bar>
- <baz></code></pre>
<pre><code>#!/bin/bash
array=(foo bar baz)
for item in "${array[*]}"; do
echo " - <${item}>"
done<hr> - <foo bar baz></code></pre>
To get individual entries, the syntax is
<code>${array[<var>n</var>]}</code>, where <var>n</var> starts at 0.
<table>
<caption>
<h1>Getting a single entry from an array</h1>
</caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>"${array[<var>n</var>]}"</code></td>
<td>Returns the <var>n</var>th entry of the array, where the
first entry is at <var>n</var>=0.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
To get a subset of the array, there are a few options (like normal,
switch between `@` and `*` to switch between
getting it as separate items, and as a whitespace-separated string):
<table>
<caption>
<h1>Getting subsets of an array</h1>
<p>Substitute <code>*</code> for <code>@</code> to get the subset
as a whitespace-separated string instead of separate tokens, as
described above.</p>
<p>Again, there is no valid reason to not wrap each of these in
double quotes.</p>
</caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>"${array[@]:<var>start</var>}"</code></td>
<td>Returns from <var>n</var>=<var>start</var> to the end of the array.</td>
</tr><tr>
<td><code>"${array[@]:<var>start</var>:<var>count</var>}"</code></td>
<td>Returns <var>count</var> entries, starting at <var>n</var>=<var>start</var>.</td>
</tr><tr>
<td><code>"${array[@]::<var>count</var>}"</code></td>
<td>Returns <var>count</var> entries from the beginning of the array.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Notice that `"${array[@]}"` is equivalent to `"${array[@]:0}"`.
<table>
<caption>
<h1>Getting the length of an array</h1>
<p>The is the only situation where there is no difference
between <code>@</code> and <code>*</code>.</p>
</caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<code>${#array[@]}</code>
<br>or<br>
<code>${#array[*]}</code>
</td>
<td>
Returns the length of the array
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Argument array syntax
---------------------
Accessing the arguments is mostly that simple, but that array doesn't
actually have a variable name. It's special. Instead, it is exposed
through a series of special variables (normal variables can only start
with letters and underscore), that *mostly* match up with the normal
array syntax.
Setting the arguments array, on the other hand, is pretty different.
That's fine, because setting the arguments array is less useful
anyway.
<table>
<caption>
<h1>Accessing the arguments array</h1>
<aside>Note that for values of <var>n</var> with more than 1
digit, you need to wrap it in <code>{}</code>.
Otherwise, <code>"$10"</code> would be parsed
as <code>"${1}0"</code>.</aside>
</caption>
<tbody>
<tr><th colspan=2>Individual entries</th></tr>
<tr><td><code>${array[0]}</code></td><td><code>$0</code></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>${array[1]}</code></td><td><code>$1</code></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2 style="text-align:center">...</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>${array[9]}</code></td><td><code>$9</code></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>${array[10]}</code></td><td><code>${10}</code></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2 style="text-align:center">...</td></tr>
<tr><td><code>${array[<var>n</var>]}</code></td><td><code>${<var>n</var>}</code></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Subset arrays (array)</th></tr>
<tr><td><code>"${array[@]}"</code></td><td><code>"${@:0}"</code></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>"${array[@]:1}"</code></td><td><code>"$@"</code></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>"${array[@]:<var>pos</var>}"</code></td><td><code>"${@:<var>pos</var>}"</code></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>"${array[@]:<var>pos</var>:<var>len</var>}"</code></td><td><code>"${@:<var>pos</var>:<var>len</var>}"</code></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>"${array[@]::<var>len</var>}"</code></td><td><code>"${@::<var>len</var>}"</code></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Subset arrays (string)</th></tr>
<tr><td><code>"${array[*]}"</code></td><td><code>"${*:0}"</code></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>"${array[*]:1}"</code></td><td><code>"$*"</code></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>"${array[*]:<var>pos</var>}"</code></td><td><code>"${*:<var>pos</var>}"</code></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>"${array[*]:<var>pos</var>:<var>len</var>}"</code></td><td><code>"${*:<var>pos</var>:<var>len</var>}"</code></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>"${array[*]::<var>len</var>}"</code></td><td><code>"${*::<var>len</var>}"</code></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Array length</th></tr>
<tr><td><code>${#array[@]}</code></td><td><code>$#</code> + 1</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan=2>Setting the array</th></tr>
<tr><td><code>array=("${array[0]}" <var>tokens...</var>)</code></td><td><code>set -- <var>tokens...</var></code></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>array=("${array[0]}" "${array[@]:2}")</code></td><td><code>shift</code></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>array=("${array[0]}" "${array[@]:<var>n+1</var>}")</code></td><td><code>shift <var>n</var></code></td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Did notice what was inconsistent? The variables `$*`, `$@`, and `$#`
behave like the <var>n</var>=0 entry doesn't exist.
<table>
<caption>
<h1>Inconsistencies</h1>
</caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th colspan=3><code>@</code> or <code>*</code></th>
</tr><tr>
<td><code>"${array[@]}"</code></td>
<td>→</td>
<td><code>"${array[@]:0}"</code></td>
</tr><tr>
<td><code>"${@}"</code></td>
<td>→</td>
<td><code>"${@:1}"</code></td>
</tr><tr>
<th colspan=3><code>#</code></th>
</tr><tr>
<td><code>"${#array[@]}"</code></td>
<td>→</td>
<td>length</td>
</tr><tr>
<td><code>"${#}"</code></td>
<td>→</td>
<td>length-1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
These make sense because argument 0 is the name of the script—we
almost never want that when parsing arguments. You'd spend more code
getting the values that it currently gives you.
Now, for an explanation of setting the arguments array. You cannot
set argument <var>n</var>=0. The `set` command is used to manipulate
the arguments passed to Bash after the fact—similarly, you could use
`set -x` to make Bash behave like you ran it as `bash -x`; like most
GNU programs, the `--` tells it to not parse any of the options as
flags. The `shift` command shifts each entry <var>n</var> spots to the
left, using <var>n</var>=1 if no value is specified; and leaving
argument 0 alone.